Space Pollution Is a Global Responsibility Essay Example

Space: Pollution Is a Global Responsibility Paper The statement says that pollution is a global responsibility, but first of all, in order to understand the statement and therefore argue the points of view, we must state what can be defined as Pollution. The Oxford dictionary states that to pollute an area is to†¦ â€Å"†¦ Destroy the purity or sanctity of; make foul or filthy; contaminate or defile†¦ † There are many types of pollution, of which the most common is atmospheric pollution. Atmospheric pollution is generally caused by the emissions of substances from mainly industry but also at home. A major cause of atmospheric pollution is the release of gases such as Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Sulfur Dioxide from industry, transport and the burning of material. Industry is also the main cause of the pollution Of rivers and oceans, where chemicals are dumped into water in the hope they will diffuse into the vast amounts of water, however, it doesn’t work this way and slowly the oceans are becoming satura ted with our pollution. This pollution of water has caused Soil pollution, where most of the nutrients needed by the soil is gained through the absorption of our polluted water. Other pollutants that are not destructive to the physical environment UT effect the human environment are noise, light and heat pollution. This pollution occurs everyday in the urbanize world where we leave on lights, leave windows open when trying to heat our homes and produce decibels of noise that annoys our closest neighbors. Even though we occasionally don’t consider this as polluting the area, we are â€Å"†¦ Destroying the purity and sanctity of†¦ † Our environment. In the opinion of many people, we are all responsible for the pollution that we cause and for preventing it Many countries have a strict policy that enforces industry and residential areas to ensure that their own area is within the safety standards for a human environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Space: Pollution Is a Global Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Space: Pollution Is a Global Responsibility specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Space: Pollution Is a Global Responsibility specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, other countries are unable to enforce such a law and the inhabitants of that country are suffering. But these corporations also argue that they should only be responsible to the pollution that they cause, and that if there is not substantial evidence that they have caused the pollution, they should not be enforced to clear up, or prevent it. One of the major pollution problems that exist in the world today is Global Warming. Global Warming has occurred because atmospheric temperatures are increasing causing the polar ice caps to melt and sea level rises, but how is global warming actually caused? Global Warming is caused by an increase in the amount of Carbon Dioxide and other gases, including Methane, Nitrous Oxide and Chlorofluorocarbons (CIFS), in the atmosphere. It has been for over a century that Carbon Dioxide helps stop the sun’s infrared radiation from escaping into space and therefore functions to maintain the earths relatively warm temperature. Increasing levels Of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over the last century will lead to elevated global temperatures, which could result in coastal flooding and major climatic changes that will have serious implications for agricultural productivity as well as causing greater frequency of flooding and other natural phenomenon seen recently. Global warming is a process that ignores national boundaries so it is difficult to determine who is responsible for this rise in temperatures. We should presume that because global warming is caused by the release of greenhouse gases, and then everyone is responsible, in some way, for this build up of pollution in the atmosphere. Therefore, we all have the responsibility for educing the amounts of toxic gases that we produce as a nation. But therefore, surely the government needs to enforce this somehow, and at what levels should the government say are deemed acceptable for the atmosphere. Industry and manufacturing are the major source of toxic emissions, so surely they should be paying for research and development of ways to slow global warming. But, again, how much does industry has to pay, should there be an international standard? Enforcing the amount of gases emitted by the companies would be difficult so it would be easier for there to e a standard rate paid by the companies, but then some are paying more than Others. All these financial arguments about who is going to take financial responsibility for global warming is slowing down the process to preventing it and taken defenses against rising sea levels and increased risk of flooding. Financial responsibility is a debated topic of which no one is willing to pay up for the damage being caused. In one opinion, it is the global responsibility of the people to pay through the tax system; however, some people believe that industry is to blame for the pollution so they should be paying. One thing that is agreed is that there is blame for global warming in every country’ with no exceptions. In the same atmospheric respects to global warming, the increasing hole in the Ozone Layer is contributing to diseases such as skin cancer, but also adding to Global Warming. The Ozone Layer is a region of the atmosphere from 1 2 to 30 miles above the earth’s surface. Ozone concentrations at the ratio 1: 100000 occur in the ozone layer, which is considerably high compared with other areas of the atmosphere. The ozone forms there by the action of sunlight on oxygen. This action has been taking lace for many millions of years, but naturally occurring nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere apparently have kept the ozone concentration at a fairly stable level. Concentrations this great at ground level are dangerous to human health; but because the ozone layer protects life on earth from the full force of the sun’s cancer-causing ultraviolet radiation, it is critically important. Therefore, scientists were concerned when they discovered, in the sass, that certain chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons, (CIFS) long used as refrigerants and in aerosol spray cans, posed a possible threat to the ozone layer. Released into the atmosphere, the chlorine-containing chemicals rise and are broken down by sunlight, where-upon the chlorine reacts with and destroy ozone molecules. For this reason, the use of CIFS in aerosols has been banned in Britain as well as other countries such as the United States of America, Canada, Australia and most European Communit y members. These harmful gases have now caused a hole in the layer allowing the ultraviolet light to penetrate the atmosphere. We are helpless to prevent the process, and now we must hope that over time, the ozone layer will be regenerated durably through the restriction of all toxic emissions into the atmosphere. This will be difficult, as Newly Industrialized Countries such as Far Eastern Countries Singapore South Korea along with South American Countries Mexico and Brazil. These countries currently going through an Industrial Revolution of their own are not restrictive of the amount of harmful gases released into the atmosphere. Unless a complete global responsibility can be taken to ensure that no CIFS or Carbon Dioxide is released, then we will continue to suffer from these problems. But who is responsible for these main atmospheric problems? Industry can be claimed to be responsible because they use CIFS, Carbon Dioxide and other toxic gases in their industrial processes. These industries fail to prevent the release of these harmful gases into the atmosphere. The companies should find a different process of manufacturing so that either none or a nominal amount of greenhouse gases are re-leased into the atmosphere to cause the depletion of the ozone layer. Surely they should be the people to take responsibility and clear up, as it is there mess. But in contrast, as the customers of products such as CUFF aerosols and even petrol/diesel cars, we also produce these armful gases that have been damaging the atmosphere since the industrial revolution. In areas such as cars, people tend to buy diesel cars still without considering the environmental damage they will cause whilst driving to work everyday. Customers are not aware of the environment issues when buying products such as cars, aerosols and other products. Many people argue that if the customer is targeted to buy more environmentally friendly products then industry will produce these products for the people. Financial responsibility is a burden that no one is willing to bare. The final major atmospheric problem in our global concern is Acid Rain. Scientists have discovered that air pollution from the burning of fossil fuels is the major cause of acid rain. Acidic deposition, or acid rain as it is commonly known, occurs when emissions of Sculpture Dioxide (SIS) and Oxides of Nitrogen (KNOX) react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen, and oxidants to form various acidic compounds. This mixture forms a mild solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Sunlight increases the rate of most of these reactions. These compounds then fall to the earth in either wet form (such as rain, snow, and fog or dry form (such as gas and particles). About half of the acidity in the atmosphere alls back to earth through dry deposition as gases and dry particles. The wind blows these acidic particles and gases onto buildings, cars, homes, and trees. In some in-stances, these gases and particles can eat away the things on which they settle. Dry De-posited gases and particles are sometimes washed from trees and other surfaces by rainstorms. When that happens, the runoff water adds those acids to the acid rain, making the combination more acidic than the falling rain alone. The combination of acid rain plus dry deposited acid is called acid deposition. Prevailing winds transport the compounds, moieties hundreds of miles, across state and national borders. Acid rain causes acidification of lakes and streams and contributes to damage of trees at high elevations (for example, red spruce trees above mom in height). In addition, acid rain accelerates the decay of building materials and paints, including irreplaceable buildings, statues, and sculptures that are part of our nation’s cultural heritage. Prior to falling to the earth, SIS and KNOX gases and their particulate matter derivatives, sulfates and nitrates, contribute to visibility degradation and impact public health. Acid rain is a process that is to restricted by national boundaries. For example, British industry causes acid rain through emissions form their factories, and when these gases mix with the water vapor they form Sulfur Dioxide or Nitrous Oxide, which is deposited over Scandinavia. Surely it is Britain’s responsibility for the damage caused to Scandinavian forests and lakes are we should pay damages to their country for the clean up. Britain should also pay for the prevention Of the release of gases through con-versions of factories and cars that produce the emissions. But surely the countries of Scandinavia are causing acid rain, which is deposited on other countries. Should they pay for their damage in a way the each nation is paying for another nation’s pollution damage? Many people believe that it would be far easier and more sensible for each country to pay for their own damage and the prevention of the production of emissions in the future. Therefore, this will prevent the release of the gases and reduce the cost of conservation and redevelopment of damaged areas. Sharing the cost of the damage is the only way each country will take some responsibility. Throughout the world, in both More Economically Developed Countries and Less Economically Developed Countries, there are companies hat have exploited the environment and the people that occupy the area. An example of this situation is the Trans-national Corporation of Shell. Shell is the largest oil company in the world, however, the use their position and money to influence governments so that they can cut corners on safety. Nigeria is one of the biggest oil fields in the world and Shell has a huge base in the country. The country relies on Oil for 70% of its income and in particular Shell, and in order to keep the company operating within their country, it allows the corporation to do as it pleases. One of the safety isolations that exist in Britain is that all Oil pipes from pumps the refinery must run underground. Although, this makes them difficult to repair, it makes it safer for the residents. In Nigeria, the oil companies are allowed to run pipes above ground and these take the quickest route that means that they frequently run through towns and villages. In some cases, the authorities have allowed the demolition of some houses to make way for the pipes to run. These pipes are polluting the area and have caused the depletion of crops grown in the area. Soil pollution has meant that the land has become infertile and unable to bear crops or animals. The governments of Nigeria have encouraged the destruction of the people’s main income in order to sustain the government’s main income. This example shows that some pollution is not always a global responsibility but the obligation of the company that caused the pollution. The government that presides over the Trans-national Corporation should then enforce this obligation. We as a people must be protected by the government and not affected by the decisions the government makes. Pollution to this Less Economically Developed Country is being caused by a More Economically Developed Country corporation so who should take responsibility. Many people see this as a straightforward argument that Shell should take responsibility for the damage created. International laws should enforce the behavior of a Transnational Corporation in a Less Economically Developed Country to prevent any conflict between the corporation and the inhabitants of the area occupied. In examples where the corporation operating in the country is manipulating the government, then international organizations should take responsibility to enforce that the company acts properly in their operations and pays compensation to any local areas damaged or destroyed by the operational processes of the company. This enforces the view by many people that individual countries or companies cannot be held entirely responsible to pollution because they don’t have international standards to maintain, as in the case on Tins operating in many countries, it may be difficult so each operation to maintain pollution standards for each country. Thus, by having international standards, companies and countries are able to work towards a minimum level to which pollution must be re duced. These laws are drawn up, discussed and established in international law at United Nations summits by representatives from every member of the LLC, which is ritually all states throughout world, and even those countries who are not full members are able to send a representative. Recently, the United Nations met in Brussels to discuss Global Warming at a Climate Conference. During this time of talks, it was planned that an agreement would be drawn up to decide international limits of emissions of the toxic gases mentioned throughout this report. This highly publicized conference came to an end after many developed count-tries became too stubborn to compromise over the levels of emissions to be allowed so as they do not affect the atmosphere and the processes operating within. This is the latest of many summits that have occurred since the set-up of the organization to ensure that their inhabitants protect the world. Throughout the conferences, decisions are made to ensure that the world we live in is ecologically and environmentally maintained. An example of a documentation Of how the environment is essential to our world is that of Agenda 21. Agenda 21 was written and signed by the United Nations at a summit in ROI De Jeanine on the 14th of June 1992. This agreement ensures the protection of the atmosphere and the processes that operate within it. These include the protection of the ozone rarer, the reduction of emissions that cause acid rain and global warming. The report also encourages energy efficiency and sustainable developments throughout the developed and developing worlds. Many of these situations have led me to believe that the companies producing the pollution should pay for preventing any damage to the environment through filtration of the toxic emissions produced. It is possible for the gases to be removed from the air so that no toxic fumes are release and most are transformed into other elements or compounds. This should reduce the pollution to both their own Mounties and countries immediately around them. I believe that to enforce this responsibility, the nation’s government should monitor the volume of emissions and ensure that the corporations adhere to international limits set by all countries through an international environmental governing body. This environment body should also ensure that Transnational Corporations do not manipulate other countries that rely on the income that the company produces. Any corporation that fails to comply with the restrictions should be severely fined. However, companies that do not have the financial power to reverent the pollution should receive financial aid from an international pool of money set aside by each country depending on their own financial status. In ways of preventing pollution, the More Economically Developed Countries mush help the Less Economically Developed Countries, and in particular Newly Industrialized Countries, to reduce the pollution that they are causing and to help prevent the pollution being released. I believe that as an international community, pollution is a global responsibility and through the education of people throughout the world, more can be done to prevent the elution occurring. It is my opinion that if the customer of many products are targeted so that the customer has environmental knowledge to make an informed decision on the products to purchase. Thus, by ensuring that the customer will only purchase environmentally friendly products, the manufactures will be forced to ensure environmental quality to attract the customer to their product. After all, it is the customer or normal person that is affected by the pollution so surely they could have some impact on changing the environmental habits of a country. I believe that by taking these assures then pollution will be lowered and that the environment can recover from the 1 50 years of heavy pollution caused by human neglect.

How to Get Your CDL in Maryland and Arizona

How to Get Your CDL in Maryland and Arizona This article is useful for anyone who wants to get your CDL in Maryland and Arizona. If you want to learn about earning a CDL at other states, we have put together a comprehensive guide on how to get a commercial driver’s license in every state of the country. MarylandThe following are the requirements for obtaining a CDL in Maryland.You must be 18 years old to obtain a learner’s permit for an intrastate CDL and  21 years of age for an interstate one.You must have a full Maryland driver’s license.When applying, you must provide proof of age, identity, and Maryland residence.Drivers of heavy trucks, buses and vehicles placarded for  hazardous materials  must have a special CDL  with proper endorsements. Vehicles 26,000+ pounds, buses designed to transport 16+ passengers including the driver, all school buses, mobile cranes, uncoupled tractors, and most tow trucks are included.You must pass a  vision screening  and knowledge test.Out-of-state learnerâ⠂¬â„¢s permits cannot be exchanged for a Maryland learner’s permit or license.You must present valid Med Cert documentation (DOT card, skills performance evaluation, waiver exemption, etc.) whether applying for a new license or renewing, duplicating or correcting a CDL.In order to obtain your CDL, you must pass a knowledge test and a skills test.Knowledge TestThe  desired  class of license and endorsements you seek  will determine what CDL knowledge tests are required. You must obtain an 80% passing score on each required test. You must provide a Medical Examiner’s Certificate (DOT Card) or a valid Intrastate State/Interstate Waiver.The General Knowledge Test is required by all applicants, and you must pass it to take  additional knowledge tests.The Air Brake Knowledge Test is required if your vehicle is equipped with air brakes.The Combination Vehicles Knowledge Test is required if you want to drive combination vehicles.The Tanker Knowledge Test is required if you want to haul liquids in bulk.The Double/Triples Knowledge Test is required to pull double or triple trailers.The Passenger Knowledge Test is required by all bus drivers and school bus operators. In addition, school bus operatiors must pass the   School Bus Knowledge Test.The Hazardous Materials Knowledge Test is required if you wish to haul hazardous materials.CDL Skills TestThis test consists of a  pre-Trip Inspection to include an air brake test if vehicle is equipped with air brakes, a basic maneuvers test, and a public road test.  You must pass each level before moving on to the next.ArizonaThe following vehicles require you to have a CDL:If you will drive a combination vehicle (truck and trailer) whose trailer has a GVWR of 10,001+ lbs. total weight with the truck of 26,001+ lbs, you will need a Class A CDL.If you will drive a vehicle with  GVWR is 26,001+ lbs., you will need a Class B CDL. With this license, you can also tow a trailer with  weight that does not exceed 10,000 lbs.If you will transport hazardous materials or 16+ passengers (including the driver) in a vehicle with  GVWR 26,000 lbs. or less, you will need a Class C CDL.To obtain your CDL, You must  answer a minimum of  80 percent of the questions on each knowledge test correctly and complete a road/skills test in the class of vehicle you intend to drive.Knowledge TestAll applicants must pass a knowledge test required for the class of license, restriction, and endorsements they wish to possess. A general knowledge test for the Class, a or Class B and C license must be successfully completed by all CDL applicants.Skills TestAfter passing the appropriate knowledge tests, you  must then take the skills test for the class and type of vehicle you intend to drive.   Included on this exam are a  pre-trip inspection, a test of basic vehicle control, and a test in on-road driving.

Teaching and Learning Reading Skills Research Paper

Teaching and Learning Reading Skills - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that various types of media that are available in the society that discourages the students to read more are very accessible. Television, movies, and the like do not require anybody to learn how to read. The mere fact that people should only open their eyes and listen to what is projected on the screen without reading anything leads students to become uninterested in reading. At school, there is not as much student interaction during the reading classes, thus the more the students stay uninterested. Identifying students’ learning strategies are as important as identifying the different teaching strategies that the teachers should implement in a classroom. Children, at a young age, require activities that would make them interested in participating in a reading class. If there are not enough activities that would engage them in learning and developing their skills, more likely, the students would lose focus and resort to disinterest. Specific teaching tec hniques such as additional exercises and activities are necessary to encourage the students to read further. One of the most common teaching techniques that the author has observed among the teachers back in elementary was the focus on the vocabulary words in a reading class rather than the content and comprehension. There are more vocabulary exercises than those that require comprehension and analysis that may have been a lot more interesting for the children than the memorization and use of the words that teachers thought were important for the students to focus on. There are no doubt vocabulary skills should be improved as well, however, reading classes should not put much weight on the definition of the difficult words, but rather, the understanding of the students to the ideas that the reading exercises present. In addition, reading activities were but a part of the language book. Reading comprehension exercises were limited to only a few questions for which no further exercise s are added.

Continental Airlines Flight 1404 Research Paper

Continental Airlines Flight 1404 - Research Paper Example Earlier, nearly 90 percent of the aircraft accidents were grouped as survivable or technically survivable. As part of this initiative, a range of new features are integrated into aircraft at the design stage. The aircraft manufacturing industry collected details of several fatal air accident incidents and identified the key issues led to catastrophes. As a result of those extensive research practices, the air accident survival rate has significantly improved in the United States for the last two decades. This paper will discuss the case ‘Runway side excursion during attempted takeoff in strong and gusty crosswind conditions: Continental airlines flight 1404’. The paper will specifically point out why this air accident was survivable. The Mishap 250 The Continental Airlines Flight 1404 was a passenger carrier flight from Denver International Airport at Denver in Colorado to George Bush Intercontinental Airport at Huston in Texas. On 20th December 2008, at 1818 Mountain Standard Time, the Continental Airlines flight 1404 (a Boeing 737-500, N18611) skidded off the left side of the runway while taking off from the Denver International Airport. As an impact of the skidding, the flight crashed into 40 feet deep ravine which was several hundred yards away from the runway. During the course of the crash, the flight caught fire. As described in Aviation Safety Network (2008), although whereabouts of Flight 1404 were unknown at the initial stages, firefighters could immediately respond to the disaster because the plane came to rest beside one of the four fire houses of the airport. When firefighters reached the accident site, right side of the plane had been almost damaged by the fire. Passengers were being assisted by flight attendants to escape through the left side. There were 110 passengers in the flight. The captain and 5 of the passengers were severely injured whereas the first officer, 2 cabin crewmembers, and 38 passengers sustained minor injuries. Luckily, one cabin crewmember and rest of the passengers escaped unscathed. However, the flight was damaged substantially (Aviation Safety Network, 2008). Evidently, there were visual meteorological conditions at the time of the aircraft disaster. The plane followed an instrument flight rules flight plan. Investigation reports indicated that a faulty air tr affic control system and improper crosswind training in the airline industry were the major causes of the disaster. Why the Accident was Survivable While analyzing this disaster case, it seems that flight attendants’ timely responsive actions significantly contributed to the survivability of this aircraft crash. Although the flight attendants could not communicate with the pilots immediately after the aircraft came to a halt, they timely ordered an evacuation at the moment they identified the danger or fire. Since the right side of the airplane was almost caught by fire, three exits on the plane’s left side including forward, aft, and overwing were used for the evacuation process. When the forward and aft exits were operated by flight attendants, a passenger operated the left overwing exit. During the evacuation, three flight attendants and two other flight crewmembers assisted passengers to escape through less congested exits and blocked access to right side exits. In the opinion of Leib (2009), the accident was survivable because only left side of the aircraft caught fire and therefore passengers could escape through right side exits. Post-accident interviews revealed that even though passengers seemed frightened, they were greatly responsive to instructions and hence the evacuation pr

None Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

None - Assignment Example Further to this, the prompt gives other fallacious statements of the reasons why individual and other Americans should own guns. For instance, it cites the border threats posed by immigrants from Latin America and other forms of gangs. It argues that the borders have become porous hence allowing job seekers, al-Qaida agents, as well as other terrorist organizations. Moreover, it asserts that the border has increased insecurity by allowing individual committing criminal activities such as robbery, kidnapping, murder, rape among others (Rick 17). Therefore, the prompt believes that owning a gun is the only solution towards the increased insecurity in the US specifically in the southern border. There are many fallacies that are emanating from the above prompt. For instance, many US citizens believe that owning a gun can be the only solution to their insecurity. This is not the case because guns do not ensure security, but are for shooting and killing (Lunger 67). Owning a gun does not ensure the security, but threatens and intimidate those living around and who dont own. In many cases, people have been killed even when they have guns. For instance, law enforcement agents have been killed when in patrol through being ambushed (Goss and Cook 133). This is an indication that owning or possessing a gun does not guarantee the security. There are many ways citizens can protect themselves other than owning a gun. Secondly, the prompt asserts that the porous US borders more so in the south have led to insecurity by allowing immigrants. This is a fallacy; not all illegal immigrants are security threats. There are many who have been of help to the US government by offering labor in areas where citizens cannot reach (Goss and Cook 133). Some immigrants are in US legally hence should not be viewed as illegal immigrants. Instead, they should be viewed as people who can contribute positively to the US economy. Lastly, there are a number of cases when the gun owners

Lesser Sac Cystic Lymphangioma: Gastric Outlet Obstruction

Lesser Sac Cystic Lymphangioma: Gastric Outlet Obstruction Cystic Lymhangioma of the Lesser Sac in adult presenting with features of Gastric Outlet Obstruction A Case Report S Suresh Kumar Sri Aurobindo Prasad Das Vikram Kate Running title: Lesser sac cystic lymphangioma causing gastric outlet obstruction Key Words: Abdominal cystic Lymphangioma; Omental Bursa; Outlet Obstruction Article type: Case Report Section (speciality): Surgery- Gastrointestinal Surgery Abstract: Non- Structured (Case Report) ABSTRACT: Background: Cystic lymphangioma is a paediatric benign tumour, occurs commonly in head and neck region. Adult Intraabdominal lymphangiomas are uncommon and only few cases of lesser sac cystic lymphangioma are reported in the literature. Case presentation: We present a case of lesser sac cystic lymphangioma in a 26 year old lady who presented with features of gastric outlet obstruction. Clinical examination of the abdomen revealed 10 x 10 cm firm, non tender, mobile intraabdominal lump in the epigastrium. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed possible external compression at the boy of the stomach. Ultrasound of abdomen demonstrated a multicystic lesion measuring 10.2 X 8 cm, with internal echoes in one locule. Contrast enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen showed a large multiloculated cystic lesion with hyper-dense content in the lesser sac extending up to the left lobe of the liver and indenting the stomach, lesser sac, and upper border of pancreas. On surgical exploration, a 10X8 cm multi cystic lesion with clear fluid was found in the lesser sac very close to the lesser curvature of stomach. The descending branches of left gastric which were found coursing through the cyst were ligated and the cyst was excised in Toto. Histopathological examination of the excised lesion showed features of cystic lymphangioma showing dilated lymphatic vessels with fibro-fatty tissue ingrained in the endothelial lining. Conclusion: Though intraabdominal cystic lymphangiomas are very rare, it should be considered in all atypical cases of gastric outlet obstruction. A reasonable knowledge about these benign lesions will aid in establishing the diagnosis and surgical management. Key Words: Abdominal cystic Lymphangioma; Omental Bursa; Outlet Obstruction Background Lymphagiomas are benign lesions generally occur as a result of lymphatic system malformation and infrequently reported after trauma. 90% of the cases are seen within the first two years of life and symptomatic presentation in adults is very rare. [1] Cystic lymphagiomas commonly involves neck and axilla but can occur anywhere in the body. Though Intraabdominal lymphangioma accounts for Case presentation A 26-year old lady presented to surgical outpatient department with complaints of early satiety, vomiting few hours after food intake and vague fullness of upper abdomen. She also had features of dyspepsia for the past one year. She had developed pain and had a feeling of a mobile lump in the upper abdomen for the past one month. There was no pancreatitis episode before. General physical examination was unremarkable. Clinical examination of the abdomen revealed 10 x 10 cm lump in the epigastrium which was firm in consistency. The lump was non tender, freely mobile and intra-abdominal. Investigations The haemogram and biochemical profiles were within normal limits. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was done which showed normal mucosa of stomach with possible external compression at the boy of the stomach. Ultrasound of abdomen was suggestive of a multicystic lesion measuring 10 X 8 cm, with internal echoes in one locule, present superior to pancreas adjacent to the left lobe of the liver. Rest of abdomen was unremarkable. Contrast enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen showed a large multiloculated cystic lesion measuring 10.2 X 8 cm with hyper dense content in some loculi in the lesser sac extending up to the left lobe of the liver and indenting the stomach, lesser sac, and upper border of pancreas with a few branches of left gastric vessels coursing through it. (Figure: 1) Correlating the clinical, USG and CECT abdomen findings a diagnosis of possible lymphangioma was made and the patient was planned for exploratory laparotomy as the symptoms were persisting. Surgical management On surgical exploration, a 10X8 cm multi cystic lesion with clear fluid was found in the lesser sac very close to the lesser curvature of stomach. (Figure: 2) The descending branches of left gastric which were found coursing through the cyst were ligated and the cyst was excised in Toto. (Figure: 3) A drain was placed in lesser sac and abdomen was closed in layers. Outcome and follow- up Postoperative course was uneventful. The drain was removed on the 3nd postoperative day and the patient was discharged on seventh post operative day. Histopathological examination of the excised lesion showed features of cystic lymphangioma showing dilated lymphatic vessels with fibro-fatty tissue ingrained in the endothelial lining. (Figure: 4) Patient was followed up at one month, six months, one year and two year after surgery. On each visit, clinical examination and USG was done which showed no evidence of recurrence. The lady is presently on regular follow up for past 2 years with no evidence recurrence till date. Discussion Intra-abdominal cystic lymphangiomas are uncommon benign tumours that can involve the mesentery, omentum, colon, spleen, pelvis, groin, and retroperitoneum [5, 6]. We had a case of cystic lymphangioma in the lesser sac which is very rare. Cystic lymphangiomas are considered to originate from malformed or malpositioned lymphatic tissue. Factors such as abdominal trauma, inflammatory process, lymphatic obstruction due to radiation therapy or surgery may lead to secondary formation of such tumors. Our patient did not have any of the mentioned inciting factors; the cause was probably congenital which had manifested late in life. Commonly known to present in childhood, lymphagiomas sometimes remain asymptomatic until late adulthood, and are discovered during evaluation of vague and chronic nonspecific symptoms like anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and weight loss, which are secondary to mass effect [4]. This was seen in our patient who had early satiety and vomiting after food intake probably due to mass effect and had a vague feeling of mass in the abdomen. Other ways of presentation such as acute abdomen, mimicking acute appendicitis has also been reported [3]. Contrast CT done in our patient revealed multicystic lesion measuring 10.2 X 8 cm, present superior to pancreas, in the lesser sac adjacent to the left lobe of the liver. Cystic lymphangioma usually presents as a large multilocular cystic mass with enhanced walls with multiple thin septa containing uncomplicated fluid on abdominal ultrasonography and contrast enhanced computerized tomography which is very often diagnostic [7]. The differential diagnosis includes cystic lesions of, enteric urogenital or mesothelial origin. Pancreatic pseudocysts from trauma, dermoid cysts or teratomas and cystic degeneration of solid tumours are also to be considered before making this rare diagnosis. Management of intra-abdominal cystic tumours depends on the clinical symptoms, size of the cyst, and the degree of clinical suspicion for malignancy. Imaging usually provides useful information for the planning of treatment. Complete removal of the tumour offers an excellent prognosis and laparoscopic removal of lymphangioma also shown feasible in few reports. We therefore decided to perform a laparotomy and complete excision of the cyst was done. On the other hand, recurrence has been reported in 10% of patients in whom primary resection was incomplete.[9] If the feeding lymphatics are not completely ligated, chylous ascites may also occur. Conclusion: Though intra-abdominal cystic lymphangiomas are very rare, it should be considered in cases of gastric or biliary obstruction where the cause could not be recognized clearly. Reasonable knowledge about these benign lesions will aid in establishing the diagnosis during such instances. Complete surgical excision offers the best chance for cure and should be attempted in all the cases to avoid recurrence. Consent Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this Case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal. Competing interests disclosures The authors have no potential or real conflict of interests The authors have no financial support or ties to disclose The authors have no financial or non financial competing interests to declare Authors contributions Suresh Kumar S, Das S A and Kate V diagnosed and managed the case. Suresh Kumar S, Das S A did the literature search. Suresh Kumar S and Das S A collected the images. Suresh Kumar S and Kate V drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. References Hanagiri T, Baba M, Shimabukuro T, Hashimoto M, Takemoto H, Inoue A, Sugitani A, Shirakusa T. Lymphangioma in the small intestine: Report of a case and review of the Japanese literature. Surgery Today 1992; 22: 363-367 Roisman I, Manny J, Fields S, Shiloni E. Intra-abdominal lymphangioma. Br J Surg 1989; 76: 485-489 Benjamin HL Tan, Teegan Lim. Cystic lymphangioma of the lesser sac presenting as acute appendicitis: A case report. Cases J. 2008; 1: 147. Massoud Baghai-Wadji, Azadeh JalalKamali, ToorajReza Mirshekari. Cystic lymphangioma of the lesser sac. Can J Surg. 2006; 49: 292. Fernandez Hurtado I, Bregant J, Mulet Ferragut JF, et al. abdominal cystic lymphangioma. Cir Pediatr. 1998 ; 11: 171-3 Chuang-Wei Chen, Sheng-Der Hsu, Chien-Hua Lin, Ming-Fang Cheng, Jyh-Cherng Yu Cystic lymphangioma of the jejunal mesentery in an adult: A case report. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 5084-5086 Angela D. Levy, Vito Cantisani, Markku Miettinen. Abdominal Lymphangiomas: Imaging Features with Pathologic Correlation. AJR 2004; 182: 1485-1491 8. Kenney B, Smith B, Bensoussan AL. Laparoscopic excision of a cystic lymphangioma. J Laparoendosc Surg. 1996; 6: S99-101. 9. Steyaert H, Guitard J, Moscovici J, Juricic M, Vaysse P, Juskiewenski S: Abdominal cystic lymphangioma in children: benign lesions that can have a proliferative course. J Pediatr Surg 1996, 31:677-680. 1

San Antonio School District Vs. Rodriquez Essay -- essays research pa

San Antonio School District Vs. Rodriquez Rodriquez was started by parents whose children attended elementary and secondary schools in the Edgewood Indecent School District. About 90% of the students were Mexican American and 6% were African American. In Rodriquez, the Plaintiff's brought a class action on behalf of school children who were members of poor families who reside in school districts having a low property tax base. They claimed that the school's confidence on local property taxation favors the more well off and violates equal protection requirements. The Supreme Court examined the Texas school finance structure and rejected this claim. They ruled that education was not a fundamental right under the Federal Constitution and that students did not have the right to attend schools funded on the same level as a nearby wealthier district. This case shows the lack of equal educational opportunities for many poor and minority students, which was present in many states. School districts in America involved much of the funding for public schools to come from local property taxes. By doing this it affected the disadvantaged students who attended schools in the area that had low property taxes. This decision essentially placed the responsibility of equitable funding for public schools in the hands of the states, and since that time many states have faced law suits and court decisions based on their â€Å"formulas† for funding public schools (Verstegen, 1998). One pro surround...

Gas and Soft Drinks Essay

1- That would be inelastic. Even though people gripe about the rising prices, that doesn’t stop people from stopping by the gas pumps to fill up. Elastic is more like candy bars or soda; if priced at 50 cents, there will be high demand, but if the price rises to 2 dollars, the demand will go down. Because there are many alternative brands for Coca Cola that have more or less the same taste. When the price of coca cola rises, demand decreases because consumers will find alternative brands that taste the same but at a lower price, therefore demand is elastic. Demand for soft drink as a whole is inelastic because whether or not the price increases/decreases, demand would not decrease/increase by a whole lot, since it’s the consumers’ preferred choice of drinks (just like milk is inelastic). Just because the price increases, doesn’t mean that consumers will start to drink water all the time, they’ll just drink less amounts of soft drink than usual (and vice versa). Elastic means by increasing the price, the demand for that product decreases as well. For example when the price of lamb increases, people will shift to chicken. We say the demand for lamb is elastic. Inelastic means, no matter how much the price changes, people still use it and the demand doesn’t change a lot. Same as your example, Although the oil price increases, but the demand for oil didn’d decrease. 2-petrol is also sold from especialy designed petrol pumps which costly to buld and operate . in the other hand coke and soft carbonated drinks is sold everywhere and can be sold to anyway and any gae. patrol selling you must be an adult and hold a drivers licience . Gas in the long term has higher elasticity of demand. meaning since in short term people do not have much choice,so they consume whatever is available at whatever price. 3- the coke is advertosed on over hundered tv channels around the world and it is the best known trademark in the world is sold in about one hundred and forty countries to 5. 8 billion people in eight different languguages . The cross price elasity of demand would be for the coca cola since the demand for it is growing A third example of cross-price elasticity is between Coke and Pepsi. If the price of Coke increases by 10%, then the demand for Pepsi will increase by 20%. This results in a cross price elasticity between the two of 2. Like the example above, these two would be substitues since the cross-price elasticity is greater than zero. http://mbaecon. wikispaces. com/file/view/cross_2. gif/30502983/cross_2. gif.

Einsteinium Facts - Element 99 or Es

Einsteinium Facts - Element 99 or Es   Einsteinium is a soft silver radioactive metal with atomic number 99 and element symbol Es. Its intense radioactivity makes it glow blue in the dark. The element is named in honor of Albert Einstein.   Discovery Einsteinium was first identified in the fallout from the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952, the Ivy Mike nuclear test. Albert Ghiorso and his team at the University of California at Berkeley, together with Los Alamos and Argonne National Laboratories, detected and later synthesized Es-252, which exhibits a characteristic alpha decay with an energy of 6.6 MeV. The American team jokingly named element 99 pandamonium because the Ivy Mike test had been codenamed Project Panda, but the name they officially proposed was einsteinium, with element symbol E. The IUPAC approved the name but went with the symbol Es. The American team competed with a Swedish team at the Nobel Institute for Physics in Stockholm for credit discovering elements 99 and 100 and naming them. The Ivy Mike test had been classified. The American team published results in 1954, with the test results declassified in 1955. The Swedish team published results in 1953 and 1954. Properties of Einsteinium Einsteinium is a synthetic element, probably not found naturally. Primordial einsteinium (from when the Earth formed), if it existed, would have decayed by now. Successive neutron capture events from uranium and thorium could theoretically produce natural einsteinium. At present, the element is only produced in nuclear reactors or from nuclear weapon tests. It is made by bombarding other actinides with neutrons. Although not a lot of element 99 has been made, it is the highest atomic number produced in sufficient quantities to be seen in its pure form. One problem studying einsteinium is that radioactivity of the element damages its crystal lattice. Another consideration is that einsteinium samples quickly become contaminated as the element decays into daughter nuclei. For example, Es-253 decays into Bk-249 and then Cf-249 at the rate of about 3% of the sample per day. Chemically, einsteinium behaves much like other actinides, which are essentially radioactive transition metals. Its a reactive element that exhibits multiple oxidation states and forms colored compounds. The most stable oxidation state is 3, which is pale pink in aqueous solution. The 2 phase has been shown in a solid state, making it the first divalent actinide. The 4 state is predicted for the vapor phase but has not been observed. In addition to glowing in the dark from radioactivity, the element releases heat on the order of 1000 watts per gram. The metal is noteworthy for being paramagnetic. All isotopes of einsteinium are radioactive. At least nineteen nuclides and three nuclear isomers are known. The isotopes range in atomic weight from 240 to 258. The most stable isotope is Es-252, which has a half-life of 471.7 days. Most isotopes decay within 30 minutes. One nuclear isomer of Es-254 has a half-life of 39.3 hours. The uses of einsteinium are limited by the small quantities available and how quickly its isotopes decay. It is used for scientific research to learn about the elements properties and to synthesize other superheavy elements. For example, in 1955 einsteinium was used to produce the first sample of the element mendelevium. Based on animal studies (rats), einsteinium is considered a toxic radioactive element. Over half of ingested Es is deposited in bones, where it remains for 50 years. A quarter goes to the lungs. A fraction of a percent goes to reproductive organs. About 10% is excreted. Einsteinium Properties Element Name: einsteinium Element Symbol: Es Atomic Number: 99 Atomic Weight: (252) Discovery: Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (USA) 1952 Element Group: actinide, f-block element, transition metal Element Period: period 7 Electron Configuration:  [Rn] 5f11  7s2 (2, 8, 18, 32, 29, 8, 2) Density (room temperature):  8.84  g/cm3 Phase: solid metal Magnetic Order: paramagnetic Melting Point:  1133  K   (860  Ã‚ °C, 1580  Ã‚ °F) Boiling Point:  1269  K (996  Ã‚ °C, 1825  Ã‚ °F)  predicted Oxidation States:  2,  3, 4 Electronegativity: 1.3 on the Pauling scale Ionization Energy:  1st:  619  kJ/mol Crystal Structure: face-centered cubic (fcc) References: Glenn T. Seaborg, The Transcalifornium Elements., Journal of Chemical Education, Vol 36.1 (1959) p 39.

Herpes essays

Herpes essays Anyone can get Herpes including males and females. It is usually contracted through sexual contact. New data collected from over 20 countries confirms that Herpes is one of the most widespread sexually transmitted infections worldwide. Approximately 1 in 4 adults is infected with the herpes simplex virus. There are an estimated one million new cases of herpes each year. When infected people come into sexual contact with another person, the herpes virus is spread. The virus sheds in small but contagious amounts of the nerve root without showing any outward signs that the nerve root is infected, this causes for widespread herpes. Herpes is very adept at avoiding the immune system, which is why it easily infects people. Usually develops between 2 to 20 days after contact. Could continue up to 2 weeks. It may be so mild that it goes unnoticed. May talk longer or be less severe in some people, especially in those with partial immunity to the virus. First attack sometimes causes visible sores. Infected area is usually painful and itchy, burning and tingly, during outbreaks. Other symptoms are: Herpes vaccines are expected in 3-5 years. There is no cure. Some drugs such as Valtrex and Acyclovir are proven to be effective in reducing frequency and duration of outbreaks. During outbreaks it is best to keep the infected area as clean and as dry as possible. You should also see a doctor. Yes almost anyone can catch the Herpes virus through sexual or any other contact that involves the transfer of bodily fluids. Herpes affects many people. About 1 in 4 adults are infected with Herpes, wh ...

Perfectly competitive markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Perfectly competitive markets - Essay Example No seller has a bargaining power over another because the products sold in perfectly competitive markets are assumed to be homogenous in nature. Lastly, the motives of the seller participants is maximization of profit, hence they sell where marginal revenues equal the marginal cost. From these characteristics is driven the 'price taker' nature of firms in the market. Hence it is safely inferred that in such markets the prices set by individual firms and the industry are same; and is determined by the interaction of total market demand and total market supply. The prices set by individual firms and the industry is same; and is determined by the interaction of total market demand and total market supply. From the above graph, it is visible that when both quantity demanded and quantity supplied is at the same level i.e. 800 kgs, there the market will reach equilibrium. At that point, the equilibrium price is $11 per kg. The prices of products are impacted either by a change in the demand of that product, or when the supply of that particular product changes. Bade, Parkin and Wesley (2008) said on the demand side, the change in demand factors including changes in consumer tastes by preferring a certain product over another, when then is an increase in the number of buyers for the product, or when income of the buyer changes (increases or decreases) depending on whether the product is normal good or inferior good. The change in the prices of related products also impacts the demand. On the supply side resource prices, technology, taxes and subsidies, prices of other goods and anticipation of future price changes and the number of suppliers affect the supply. Cyclone Larry increased the price of bananas because it wiped out the banana crop in Queensland, which reduced the quantity supplied of bananas into the market, hence a movement on the supply curve; which led to the increase in the prices of bananas. Price Quantity Supplied Quantity Demanded in A $ in kgs in kgs 15 1000 400 13 900 600 11 800 800 9 700 900 8 600 1100 7 0 1300 6 0 1600 In the diagram, we can see that at $ 15, the quantity demanded is less than quantity supplied, which means 'many consumers could not afford to buy them'. Question 3: In controlling the price of bananas, which have reached a certain high and is unaffordable for consumers, the government intervenes to control the prices that it thinks are unfavorably high for the buyers. Thus, using its legal right, government limits the high prices by imposing the price ceiling (Lipsey & Chrystal, 2007). Here, we demonstrate the impact of price ceilings graphically. In our case, Cyclone Larry has adversely impacted the crop of bananas, and has reduced the supply of bananas. At this level, quantity demanded increases relative to quantity supplied. This increases the equilibrium or the market price. This rapidly rising prices of bananas greatly burdens low and moderate income house holds , which leds government to intervene for making it affordable for the masses. It imposes a ceiling price of A $ 8 per kg. For this to be effective, the price ceiling is less than the equilibrium price, which in our example as earlier

The History of New Jerseys Musicians, Songwriters and Singers Research Paper

The History of New Jerseys Musicians, Songwriters and Singers - Research Paper Example New Jersey was the third state to join the union. Many of the leaders in that period were well educated and cultured men who embodied the values of the European countries from where their ancestors came. Dutch, Swedish and British settlers imprinted aspects of their culture on the early New Jersey landscape, and this accounts for its relatively fast move from a traditional farming economy to extensive industrialization and a focus on trade and shipping, and eventually railways as well. Church music was of course a staple of cultural life in the early days, but the situation as far as music is concerned in the new colonies was very different from that in Europe: â€Å"the great European musical tradition grew over the years in the sheltered environment of courts and cathedrals. American music, on the other hand, made its own way in the rougher area of musical entrepreneurship and amateur music making.†1 The so-called â€Å"middle colonies† of New York, Pennsylvania and N ew Jersey contained a mix of peoples, and so from the beginning there was British chamber music, Irish dance music, and Scandinavian square dancing based on Scandinavian traditional music with violins, all co-existing at the same time. New Jersey author and politician Francis Hopkinson (1737-1791) who took part in the creation of the American constitution was a very keen musician: â€Å"In the years before his premature death, by now a highly honoured national figure and Federal District Court Judge, he seemed most proud to proclaim himself ‘the first Native of the United States who has produced a Musical Composition.’ † 2 His compositions were a mix of concert pieces and sacred music, with... This paper stresses that New Jersey artists have been both successful and also very productive over a long period. We have seen how the the rich mix of different cultures arriving with successive waves of immigrants into in New Jersey has brought constant renewal. There is also evidence of the need for good business sense in an region prone to boom and bust economies. New Jersey artists like Frank Sinatra, Bruce Springsteen and Queen Latifah have brought their huge personalities into their work, and they combine an affection and respect for their humble origins with a worldly wisdom gained from decades of hard work and success in the business. It is hard to explain exactly why so many talented musicians have come from New Jersey. This report makes a conclusion that things are not always easy for working class families, and the struggle for success often involves avenues that are outside, or even in opposition to mainstream society. The combination of blue collar backgrounds and world-beating careers has we see in the artists mentioned above displays one feature that is often lacking in modern American music and that is authenticity. The talents of New Jersey shines through diversity, proving that flaws and setbacks in all our lives can be a force drives us on to achieve excellence. Each generation has taken the musical history of New Jersey and made it relevant to its own time, and in so doing they have topped the charts time after time with no sign that this fount of talent will ever stop.